The rules for writing numbers vary by academic discipline. While numbers are not a special focus in standard prose, they are in technical, scientific, or medical texts. Numbers written as numerals emphasize quantity more clearly than numbers spelled out as words.   However, as the CBE Manual points out, » guidelines for representing numbers may occasionally collide with the realities of some documents. When common sense or editorial judgment says a guideline is a poor choice

Carrying concepts across language barriers requires linguistic equivalents. Finding equivalent terms often involves more than consulting a dictionary or artificial intelligence (AI)—particularly in rapidly evolving areas of research. Even with terms that have been around for a while, however, one may sometimes have but a vague idea of what they really mean. Terminological equivalence has been defined as a one-to-one mapping of all of the characteristics of a given concept. Fi

For centuries, punctuation served as a rhetorical device guiding the reader on when to stop or pause when reciting a text. In the late 17th century, the rhetorical uses of punctuation were gradually replaced with its logical functions in written prose, scientific literature, and mathematical expressions. The guiding principle in using punctuation marks (as in much of the remainder of communication) is that, when the need for a mark is unclear, it should only be used if it red

Edited by PASCALINE FAURE, Sorbonne University 2021,  Peter Lang, Éditions scientifiques internationales This compilation of essays takes a fresh look at the state of the world’s most widely spoken languages of medicine. I was honored to contribute the chapter on medical German, the table of contents of which is shown below. The chapter traces the history of the language of medicine in German from the days when it barely existed to the present—when it is in danger of being re

Modern methodologies to establish evidence in biomedical research were pioneered by the Canadian research group around Gordon Guyatt and David Sackett. In 1992, the term ‘evidence-based medicine’ was first used in the medical literature by Guyatt et al. [ 1 ], and in 1996, Sackett et al. [ 2 ] explained what they thought ‘evidence-based’ was and what it was not. The most common, yet seriously misleading, rendering of ‘evidence-based medicine’ in German is  Evidenz-basierte Me

Translation requires more than exchanging terms in one language for terms in another. Translation is interpretation.